Emotional intelligence (EI) is a crucial skill for children’s emotional development, laying the foundation for lifelong success. By nurturing emotional intelligence in children, we help them better understand themselves and others, build stronger social relationships, and develop resilience in the face of challenges. In this article, we explore how to foster emotional intelligence in children through effective parenting styles, teaching emotional regulation skills, and creating supportive environments. We also examine the positive impact of these skills on children’s academic performance and social interactions. Whether you’re looking for practical strategies or insights into the benefits of emotional intelligence, this comprehensive guide offers valuable information to help your child thrive emotionally and socially.
1. Introduction to Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence (EI or EQ) is the ability to recognize, understand, use, and manage one’s emotions in a positive way. It involves not only being aware of our own feelings but also understanding the emotions of others. Research has shown that individuals with higher levels of emotional intelligence are more likely to achieve personal and professional success. For children, high emotional intelligence is associated with self-motivation, a willingness to learn, personal responsibility, emotional resilience, and the ability to embrace challenges without becoming discouraged.
Children who exhibit these emotional traits are more likely to persist in their efforts, remain consistent in their learning, and take pride in their achievements. Studies have found that children with high emotional intelligence tend to become successful adults and face fewer social and emotional difficulties. The four core components of emotional intelligence that contribute to these outcomes are self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
1.1. Definition and Importance
Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to understand, use, and manage emotions effectively to reduce stress, communicate clearly, empathize with others, and navigate conflicts. Research confirms that children who develop emotional intelligence enjoy both immediate and long-term benefits, including better psychological well-being and improved educational outcomes.
Schools are not just centers for intellectual development; they also play a crucial role in the holistic growth of children. Emotional intelligence education helps children understand their emotions, express them appropriately, and work through emotional challenges. By fostering emotional intelligence, children become more confident, caring, communicative, and better equipped to solve problems. This leads to stronger, healthier relationships with others and greater engagement in school.
Emotional intelligence is equally important as mental intelligence (IQ) for overall well-being. It lays the foundation for successful educational progress and contributes to the development of competent, well-rounded individuals. Teachers can play a pivotal role in nurturing emotional intelligence by integrating emotional learning into their teaching practices.
2. Understanding the Development of Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence doesn’t develop overnight; it is a gradual process that evolves as children grow. This development can be summarized by the ‘big three’ components: emotional awareness, the ability to harness emotions for activities like thinking, and the ability to manage emotions in a socially appropriate manner. A child’s environment plays a crucial role in fostering emotional intelligence. Experts agree that a nurturing environment—one that promotes emotional security, self-confidence, social connectedness, self-efficacy, and self-awareness—is key to this development.
As emotional intelligence matures, children acquire skills that promote empathetic and prosocial behavior. These include the ability to cope with strong emotions, resolve conflicts, and accurately read social cues. Children who can interpret emotions correctly are more likely to value adult support, form strong friendships, and connect with peers on a deeper level. These skills are integral to emotional intelligence and contribute to a child’s overall social and emotional well-being. However, not all children develop at the same pace or in the same way. Factors such as individual temperament, family dynamics, peer relationships, and external support systems all influence a child’s path toward emotional intelligence. This underscores the importance of tailored interventions and support for each child.
2.1. Key Components and Skills
Over the past decade, significant attention has been given to exploring the implications of emotional intelligence, defined as a set of cognitive and non-cognitive skills that enable effective coping with environmental demands and pressures. One of the pioneers in this field, Howard Gardner, introduced the concept of intrapersonal intelligence, which closely aligns with emotional intelligence. Intrapersonal intelligence involves self-awareness, emotional regulation, motivation, and the ability to keep distress from interfering with one’s thinking.
Gardner’s concept of intrapersonal intelligence emphasizes the importance of self-exploration, goal-setting, metacognition, and emotional control. Building on these ideas, psychologists, educators, and emotional intelligence experts have identified several key components and skills that can be nurtured in children. These include inclusion, empathy, prosocial behavior, problem-solving, cognitive restructuring, self-awareness, motivation, and social skills. Focusing on these components can lead to effective strategies for fostering emotional intelligence in children.
3. Benefits of Emotional Intelligence in Children
Emotional intelligence, or the ability to understand and manage emotions, offers numerous benefits for children. Initially recognized as a trait that fosters leadership in adults, emotional intelligence is now seen as essential for children’s healthy development. A higher level of emotional intelligence allows children to better comprehend their own emotions and those of others, leading to a range of positive outcomes.
Children with strong emotional intelligence are better equipped to navigate social situations and build meaningful relationships. According to a 2013 study published in the Journal of Applied Psychology, children who enter first grade with higher emotional intelligence tend to perform better academically and socially in later years. Skills such as self-awareness and emotional regulation play a crucial role in preparing children for academic success and overall well-being. Moreover, emotionally intelligent children are more likely to build supportive networks of friends and family, contributing to their long-term happiness and resilience.
3.1. Academic Performance and Social Relationships
One of the key benefits of fostering emotional intelligence in children is the improvement in academic performance and social relationships. Studies have shown that empathy and perspective-taking are critical in promoting social competence and reducing problem behaviors in early childhood. For instance, children who demonstrate higher levels of empathy tend to have better peer relationships and are more accepted by their classmates.
Positive relationships and a supportive learning environment reinforce internal beliefs that are crucial for academic success. Emotional intelligence contributes to a child’s adjustment to school, which can have lasting effects on their overall academic experience. For example, research has found that students with higher levels of emotional intelligence report stronger connections to their school and engage in less antisocial behavior. These positive associations extend beyond the classroom, indicating that emotional intelligence plays a vital role in a child’s intellectual and social development.
4. Parenting Styles and Emotional Intelligence
A child’s development of emotional regulation is heavily influenced by their interactions with the adult world, particularly with their parents. However, not all parenting styles contribute to the development of emotional intelligence in the same way. Experts agree that parents play a crucial role in the emotional education of their children, and two specific parenting styles are often highlighted for their positive impact: authoritative and authoritarian parenting. These styles represent two extremes on the parenting spectrum and have different effects on a child’s emotional growth.
Authoritative parenting is characterized by open communication, respect for the child’s autonomy, and clear expectations. This approach fosters emotional intelligence by helping children understand desired behaviors and providing explanations for them. On the other hand, authoritarian parenting emphasizes obedience and discipline, often at the expense of emotional connection. This style can lead to higher levels of anger, depression, and guilt in children, potentially hindering their emotional development.
4.1. Authoritative vs. Authoritarian Parenting
The parenting style adopted by a parent can significantly impact a child’s emotional and social development. Authoritative parenting involves open communication, respect, and a balance of control and autonomy. This approach helps children understand expectations and supports their emotional growth by encouraging self-regulation and empathy. In contrast, authoritarian parenting is more rigid and demands obedience without providing explanations. This can result in children who struggle with emotional expression and are more prone to negative emotions like anger and guilt.
The influence of parenting on a child’s emotional intelligence and mental health is well-documented. Emotional intelligence involves the ability to regulate and express emotions constructively, fostering positive social interactions and overall well-being. Children with high emotional intelligence are more likely to lead fulfilling lives, free from behavioral issues and health problems. They are also better equipped to maintain meaningful relationships and achieve educational success. Therefore, adopting an authoritative parenting style can significantly enhance a child’s emotional intelligence and overall quality of life.
5. Practical Strategies for Fostering Emotional Intelligence
How can parents, teachers, and other adults in children’s lives promote and nurture emotional intelligence? One effective approach is through emotional coaching, where adults help children navigate their feelings in an open, exploratory, and respectful manner. This requires daily investment in small gestures and consistent experiences over time. Parents who see their role as emotional coaches should keep three strategies in mind:
1) Be Aware: Parents should be mindful of what their child is learning from life’s experiences and follow their emotional lead. For instance, if a child is afraid to climb alone, the parent can offer support and encouragement, guiding the child through the experience.
2) Monitor and Control Emotions: In critical moments, such as when a child is scared or frustrated, parents should model emotional regulation. By managing their own emotions, parents can teach children how to cope with both positive and negative feelings.
3) Empower Emotions Through Acceptance: Parents should validate their child’s emotions and offer gentle guidance. By acknowledging and understanding a child’s feelings, parents can help them view situations from different perspectives and build emotional resilience.
5.1. Emotion Coaching and Active Listening
Emotion coaching is a powerful tool for promoting emotional intelligence in children. It involves helping children understand and manage their emotions in a way that is both compassionate and effective. This approach is often used in educational settings, where programs are designed to enhance social and emotional competence. By providing a supportive environment where children feel heard and validated, emotion coaching helps children develop the skills they need to navigate social interactions and build strong relationships.
Active listening is another critical component of fostering emotional intelligence. This technique, rooted in Rogerian psychology, involves giving full attention to the speaker and responding in a way that shows understanding and respect. Children who feel listened to are more likely to open up about their emotions and seek support when needed. Active listening not only strengthens the bond between adult and child but also helps children develop their emotional awareness and problem-solving abilities.
6. Teaching Emotional Regulation Skills
Young children often experience intense emotions but may struggle to express them in socially appropriate ways. Teaching emotional regulation skills is crucial for their development, maturity, and socialization. Emotional regulation helps children manage their feelings and impulses, contributing to a greater sense of emotional awareness and maturity as they grow. These skills are essential for choosing fulfilling life paths, building meaningful relationships, and achieving personal and social success.
Mindfulness and meditation exercises have proven effective in developing self-regulation and emotional well-being. These practices offer numerous benefits, including increased attention span, reduced symptoms of attention disorders, and improved cognitive functioning. By focusing on “being with one’s thoughts,” mindfulness fosters emotional resilience, helping children maintain a positive outlook even in challenging situations. Teaching these skills early on can lay the foundation for a lifetime of emotional intelligence.
6.1. Mindfulness and Breathing Techniques
Mindfulness involves paying attention to the present moment, and research has shown its benefits for children. Teaching mindfulness to kids can be done through various activities that help them tune into their emotions, thoughts, and actions. For example, mindfulness exercises such as “How Does Your Brain Go?” or “Elastic Brain Breath” encourage children to pause, reflect, and observe their inner experiences.
Breathing exercises are another key tool for helping children regulate their emotions. Simple techniques, like taking slow, deep breaths, can be taught to help manage feelings of anger, fear, or sadness. These exercises can be as simple as imagining filling a balloon with air and slowly letting it out. Practicing these techniques regularly can help children develop the ability to calm themselves in stressful situations, promoting emotional balance and well-being.
7. Encouraging Empathy and Perspective-Taking
Empathy is a crucial component of emotional intelligence, involving the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Perspective-taking, or seeing things from another person’s viewpoint, is closely related and essential for fostering empathy. Encouraging children to practice these skills is important for their social development and ability to build meaningful relationships.
One effective way to develop empathy and perspective-taking is through role-playing and discussing real-life scenarios. Presenting ethical dilemmas or conflicts and asking children to consider the perspectives of those involved can deepen their understanding of others’ feelings and motivations. Engaging in these exercises regularly helps children become more empathetic and better equipped to navigate complex social situations.
7.1. Role-Playing and Real-Life Scenarios
Role-playing allows children to explore different perspectives and develop empathy. By acting out various scenarios, children can experiment with different roles and learn how to respond to the emotions of others. This practice not only enhances empathy but also improves language skills, storytelling, and imagination.
Incorporating role-playing into everyday activities can be as simple as discussing a character’s emotions in a story or encouraging children to think about how someone else might feel in a given situation. These exercises help children develop the skills needed to understand and relate to others, laying the groundwork for strong, empathetic relationships throughout their lives.
8. Building Self-Awareness and Self-Reflection
Teaching children to understand their internal states—emotions, thoughts, and beliefs—is vital for their emotional development. Self-awareness involves recognizing one’s emotions and understanding why they arise, while self-reflection helps children evaluate their feelings and actions in a constructive way. Developing these skills enables children to make choices aligned with their personal values and fosters emotional stability.
Activities like journaling can be an effective way to promote self-awareness and self-reflection in children. Encouraging them to write about their feelings or experiences helps them process emotions and gain insight into their inner world. Over time, this practice can lead to greater emotional intelligence, as children learn to express their feelings clearly and cope with challenges more effectively.
8.1. Journaling and Self-Expression Activities
Journaling is a powerful tool for developing self-awareness and emotional intelligence. By writing about their experiences and emotions, children can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and learn to articulate their feelings. This process helps them identify patterns in their thoughts and behaviors, leading to greater self-control and emotional resilience.
Self-expression activities, such as art or creative writing, also play a crucial role in building emotional intelligence. These activities provide children with a safe space to explore their emotions and develop their ability to communicate their feelings. Encouraging regular journaling and self-expression helps children develop the skills needed to navigate their emotional landscape and build a strong foundation for emotional well-being.
9. Creating a Supportive Environment at Home
A supportive and open home environment is essential for fostering emotional intelligence in children. When children feel listened to and respected, they are more likely to communicate openly and develop healthy emotional habits. Open expression of emotions helps children feel less isolated, builds their confidence, and equips them to make better decisions and solve problems effectively.
To create a supportive environment, parents should validate their children’s emotions, acknowledge their feelings, and encourage open communication. This can be as simple as saying, “I understand that you’re upset, and it’s okay to feel that way.” By listening and asking questions, parents can help their children process their emotions and learn to express themselves in a healthy manner. A home environment that consistently supports emotional growth will help children develop the emotional intelligence they need to thrive.
9.1. Open Communication and Validation
Open communication is key to nurturing emotional intelligence in children. Parents should encourage their children to share their thoughts and feelings, providing a safe space for them to express themselves. Regular conversations about daily life, interests, and emotions help build a strong foundation of trust and understanding.
Validation of a child’s emotions is equally important. When children feel that their emotions are acknowledged and respected, they are more likely to engage in open communication. Parents should respond empathetically to their children’s feelings, offering support and guidance without judgment. This approach fosters a positive emotional environment where children feel valued and understood, promoting their overall emotional well-being.
10. Dealing with Challenges and Setbacks
Children, like adults, face challenges and setbacks that can be difficult to navigate. Building resilience is crucial in helping them cope with these situations and bounce back stronger. Resilience involves not only the ability to endure tough times but also the capacity to recover and continue moving forward. Teaching children how to manage their emotions during setbacks and helping them develop problem-solving skills are essential steps in building their resilience.
It’s important to recognize that children have a wide range of emotions, and sometimes they may feel overwhelmed by their feelings. By guiding them through these experiences, helping them understand their emotions, and encouraging them to find solutions, we can equip them with the tools they need to handle life’s ups and downs. Problem-solving skills, in particular, empower children to take control of their situations and build confidence in their ability to overcome obstacles.
10.1. Resilience Building and Problem-Solving
Resilience is not about never facing difficulties but about learning to cope with and overcome them. Teaching children problem-solving skills is a key aspect of building resilience. When children encounter challenges, they need to learn that setbacks are a normal part of life and that they have the power to find solutions. This approach helps them develop a sense of internal control and self-reliance.
By encouraging children to think critically about their responses to challenges, we help them protect their self-esteem and build a positive outlook on life. Problem-solving allows children to develop adaptive thinking and emotional intelligence, which are crucial for navigating social situations and overcoming adversity. As they learn to approach problems with a positive mindset, children become more resilient and better equipped to handle future challenges.
11. Collaborating with Schools and Educators
For parents and educators to effectively promote emotional intelligence in children, collaboration is essential. Schools play a significant role in a child’s emotional development, and when parents and teachers work together, they can create a supportive environment that nurtures social and emotional learning (SEL). SEL programs in schools are designed to help children develop emotional intelligence by teaching them skills such as empathy, emotional regulation, and effective communication.
These programs are valuable because they provide children with the tools they need to succeed not only academically but also socially and emotionally. When implemented effectively, SEL programs can lead to improved relationships, better academic performance, and a more positive school environment. Parents can support these efforts by reinforcing the lessons learned at school and maintaining open communication with teachers.
11.1. Social-Emotional Learning Programs
Social-emotional learning (SEL) programs have gained popularity in schools as a means to promote emotional intelligence in children. These programs are designed to teach children essential skills such as empathy, emotional regulation, and conflict resolution. By incorporating SEL into the curriculum, schools can create a more supportive and inclusive environment where children feel valued and understood.
SEL programs often involve a combination of classroom instruction, group activities, and individual counseling. They focus on helping children develop a strong sense of self-awareness and empathy, which are crucial for building healthy relationships and managing emotions. Research has shown that children who participate in SEL programs are more likely to succeed academically and socially, making these programs an important investment in their future well-being.
12. Cultural and Gender Considerations in Emotional Intelligence
Cultural and gender factors play a significant role in the development of emotional intelligence. Different cultures have unique ways of expressing and managing emotions, and these cultural norms can influence how children develop emotional intelligence. Additionally, gender differences in emotional expression and socialization can affect how boys and girls learn to manage their emotions.
It’s important for parents and educators to be aware of these cultural and gender considerations when promoting emotional intelligence in children. By recognizing and respecting these differences, we can create more inclusive and effective approaches to teaching emotional intelligence. This includes using culturally relevant examples and activities, as well as being mindful of how gender roles may impact a child’s emotional development.
12.1. Diversity and Inclusivity
Emotional intelligence education should be inclusive and culturally sensitive, taking into account the diverse backgrounds of learners. Children come from various cultural, ethnic, and gender backgrounds, and these differences should be recognized and respected in the teaching of emotional intelligence. By creating an inclusive environment, educators can ensure that all children have the opportunity to develop their emotional intelligence, regardless of their background.
Incorporating diversity into emotional intelligence education means using examples and activities that reflect the experiences of different cultural groups. It also involves being aware of how gender roles can influence emotional expression and working to create an environment where all children feel comfortable expressing their emotions. By embracing diversity and inclusivity, we can help children develop a deeper understanding of themselves and others, fostering empathy and emotional intelligence in a meaningful way.
13. Technology and Emotional Intelligence
In today’s digital age, technology plays a significant role in children’s lives. While technology can offer many benefits, it also presents challenges for the development of emotional intelligence. Excessive screen time and digital interactions can limit face-to-face communication and hinder the development of social and emotional skills.
Parents and educators need to find a balance between technology use and emotional well-being. This involves setting limits on screen time, encouraging in-person interactions, and teaching children how to use technology in a way that supports their emotional development. By being mindful of the impact of technology, we can help children develop emotional intelligence while still benefiting from the advantages of the digital age.
13.1. Balancing Screen Time and Emotional Well-Being
Managing screen time is crucial for supporting children’s emotional well-being. While technology can be a valuable tool for learning and communication, too much screen time can interfere with the development of social and emotional skills. It’s important for parents to set limits on screen time and encourage activities that promote face-to-face interactions and emotional growth.
Creating a balance between screen time and other activities can help children develop a healthy relationship with technology. This includes setting aside time for outdoor play, reading, and family interactions, as well as using technology in ways that enhance learning and creativity. By promoting a balanced approach to technology use, parents can support their children’s emotional intelligence and overall well-being.
14. Measuring and Assessing Emotional Intelligence
Assessing emotional intelligence in children is a complex task, as it involves evaluating a range of emotional and social skills that develop over time. While traditional intelligence tests focus on cognitive abilities, emotional intelligence assessments measure a child’s ability to understand and manage emotions, both their own and those of others. These assessments can provide valuable insights into a child’s emotional development and help identify areas where additional support may be needed.
Various tools and techniques have been developed to measure emotional intelligence in children. These include self-report questionnaires, performance-based assessments, and observations from parents and teachers. Each method has its strengths and limitations, and the choice of assessment tool often depends on the specific goals of the evaluation. Regardless of the method used, assessing emotional intelligence can help educators and parents support a child’s emotional growth and ensure they have the skills needed to succeed in life.
14.1. Assessment Tools and Techniques
There are several assessment tools available for measuring emotional intelligence in children. These tools often use a combination of self-report questionnaires, where children describe their own emotional experiences, and performance-based tasks that evaluate how well they manage emotions in different scenarios. Some of the most commonly used tools include the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (EQ-i:YV) and the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test for Youth (MSCEIT-YV).
In addition to these standardized tests, teachers and parents can also play a role in assessing a child’s emotional intelligence by observing their behavior in social situations and how they handle emotions. This qualitative approach can provide a more nuanced understanding of a child’s emotional strengths and areas for growth. By using a combination of tools and observations, we can gain a comprehensive view of a child’s emotional intelligence and tailor interventions to meet their specific needs.
15. Case Studies and Success Stories
Understanding emotional intelligence in practice is just as important as understanding it in theory. Case studies and success stories provide real-world examples of how emotional intelligence can be developed and applied in children’s lives. These stories highlight the positive impact that emotional intelligence can have on a child’s social interactions, academic performance, and overall well-being.
For instance, a case study might explore how a child with high emotional intelligence was able to navigate a challenging social situation at school, using their skills to resolve conflicts and build stronger relationships with peers. Another success story might show how a child with initially low emotional intelligence improved their ability to manage emotions through targeted interventions, leading to better outcomes in both their personal and academic lives. These examples serve as powerful reminders of the importance of fostering emotional intelligence from an early age.
15.1. Real-Life Examples of Emotional Intelligence Development
Real-life examples of emotional intelligence development provide valuable insights into how these skills can be nurtured in children. For example, a story might describe how a child named Luna, who initially struggled with assertiveness, learned to express her needs and set boundaries through guided practice and support from her parents and teachers. Over time, Luna became more confident in her interactions with others, leading to positive changes in her relationships and self-esteem.
Another example could involve a child named Ben, who had difficulty managing frustration and often lashed out in anger. Through a combination of emotion coaching and mindfulness exercises, Ben learned to recognize the early signs of frustration and use calming techniques to prevent outbursts. As a result, Ben’s emotional intelligence improved, and he was better able to handle challenging situations at school and home. These success stories demonstrate that with the right support, all children can develop the emotional intelligence skills they need to thrive.
16. Conclusion and Future Directions
Emotional intelligence is a critical aspect of a child’s development, influencing their ability to succeed in both personal and academic realms. As research in this field continues to grow, it is essential to focus on practical strategies that can be implemented by parents, educators, and caregivers to foster emotional intelligence in children. By prioritizing emotional intelligence in early childhood education and parenting, we can help children develop the skills they need to navigate the complexities of life with resilience and empathy.
Future research should continue to explore the most effective ways to teach and assess emotional intelligence, taking into account cultural, gender, and individual differences. Additionally, there is a need for more longitudinal studies that track the development of emotional intelligence over time and examine its long-term impact on children’s success and well-being. By deepening our understanding of emotional intelligence and its role in child development, we can create a more supportive environment for all children to reach their full potential.
16.1. Summary of Key Points and Recommendations
In summary, emotional intelligence is a vital component of a child’s overall development, with far-reaching implications for their social, emotional, and academic success. The key points discussed in this article highlight the importance of fostering emotional intelligence through a combination of parenting strategies, educational programs, and supportive environments.
To promote emotional intelligence in children, it is recommended that parents and educators focus on the following areas:
- Strengthening Relationships: Encourage strong, positive relationships between children and their peers, teachers, and family members.
- Emotion Coaching: Use emotion coaching techniques to help children understand and manage their emotions effectively.
- Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs: Implement SEL programs in schools to teach children essential emotional and social skills.
- Cultural and Gender Sensitivity: Recognize and respect cultural and gender differences in emotional expression and development.
- Balancing Technology Use: Manage children’s screen time to ensure it does not interfere with their emotional development.
By focusing on these areas, we can create a more supportive and nurturing environment for children to develop the emotional intelligence they need to succeed in life.
References:
[1] KP Kamboj, P Garg, “Teachers’ psychological well-being role of emotional intelligence and resilient character traits in determining the psychological well-being of Indian school teachers,” International Journal of Educational …, 2021. researchgate.net
[2] L. I. Llinares-Insa, A. M. Casino-García, and J. García-Pérez, “Subjective well-being, emotional intelligence, and mood of parents: A model of relationships. Impact of giftedness,” Sustainability, 2020. mdpi.com
[3] FM Morales-Rodríguez, I Espigares-López, “The relationship between psychological well-being and psychosocial factors in university students,” International Journal of …, 2020. mdpi.com
[4] C. W. Wu, W. W. Chen, and C. H. Jen, “Emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between parenting and subjective well-being,” Journal of Adult Development, 2021. [HTML]
[5] A. Espinosa and S. Rudenstine, “The contribution of financial well‐being, social support, and trait emotional intelligence on psychological distress,” Clinical Psychology, vol. 2020, Wiley Online Library. [HTML]
[6] Z. Shuo, D. Xuyang, Z. Xin, C. Xuebin et al., “The relationship between postgraduates’ emotional intelligence and well-being: the chain mediating effect of social support and psychological resilience,” Frontiers in psychology, 2022. frontiersin.org
[7] Z. Shafait, M. A. Khan, U. F. Sahibzada, Z. Dacko-Pikiewicz, et al., “An assessment of students’ emotional intelligence, learning outcomes, and academic efficacy: A correlational study in higher education,” Plos One, 2021. plos.org
[8] D. Llamas‐Díaz, R. Cabello, et al., “Systematic review and meta‐analysis: The association between emotional intelligence and subjective well‐being in adolescents,” Journal of …, vol. 2022. Wiley Online Library. wiley.com
[9] T. T. Amholt, J. Dammeyer, R. Carter, and J. Niclasen, “Psychological well-being and academic achievement among school-aged children: A systematic review,” Child Indicators Research, 2020. sdu.dk
[10] A. Méndez Giménez, J.A. Cecchini Estrada, et al., “Profiles of emotional intelligence and their relationship with motivational and well-being factors in physical education,” Psicología Educativa, 2020. uniovi.es